Frostbite and Hypothermia in Quebec: Recognize and Respond Safely
Distinguish chilling, frostbite and hypothermia, call for help at the right time and warm without rubbing or direct heat.
Hypothermia is an emergency
Violent then absent shivering, clumsiness, slurred speech, sleepiness, confusion or abnormal breathing may indicate hypothermia. Call 911, shelter the person and handle gently.
Frostbite
White, waxy, hard, numb or blistered skin after cold may be frozen. Remove jewelry and wet clothing without rubbing and obtain prompt medical advice.
Warm the core
Protect from wind and ground, gently remove wet layers and cover the head, neck and torso. A confused person must not drink.
Avoid harm
Do not massage, apply snow, flame, radiator or hot water, and do not walk on a frozen foot except for survival. Numb skin burns easily.
Refreezing risk
Thaw only when the area can remain thawed and emergency guidance supports it. Refreezing after thawing causes severe damage.
Alcohol
A fully alert person may receive a warm sweet drink if advised. Alcohol creates false warmth and increases heat loss.
Prepare outings
Check wind chill, layer dry clothing, cover extremities and carry spares, food, communications and a return plan.
Follow-up
Persistent pain, blisters, colour change, confusion or fatigue needs assessment. Do not break blisters.
Children and older adults
Check fingers, toes, nose, ears and behaviour frequently. They may not recognize or report cold stress as readily, so adapt the duration, breaks, clothing and supervision.
In a disabled vehicle
Stay with the vehicle unless it is dangerous, call for help, insulate yourself from the floor and share dry layers. If the engine runs intermittently, keep the exhaust pipe completely clear and crack a window as directed to reduce carbon-monoxide risk.
Official government resource (French)